Pdf basic techniques of phytoremediation shivendra. It is a wellresearched overview with many unfortunate historical examples of mass and individual poisonings. Heavy metal there is not yet a consensus definition of the term heavy. Crop plants such as indian mustard have been used to extract heavy metals from soil and translocate them to the leaves and stalks of plants raskin et al, 1994, duchenkov et al 1995. Phytoremediation seminar report, ppt, pdf for chemical. Pdf wastewater treatment by phytoremediation methods. Cr, cd, pb, zn phytoremediation in conjunction with biomass fuels production willow being grown on contaminated land for biomass production.
The plants used for phytoremediation technology selectively metabolize or absorbed contaminates from the soil, water or other growth matrix. It designates all vegetation based remediation measures. Emsley focuses on mercury, arsenic, antimony, lead, and thallium, all of which are targets of phytoremediation. Algae are also effective for phytoremediation of metals, for example, charaphytes like chara aculeolata and nitella opaca can be used to remove cadmium, lead, and zinc sooksawat et al. Use of vegetation, soil and micro biota along with other agrochemical. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to partially or substantially remediate selected contaminants in contaminated soil, sludge, sediment, ground water, surface water, and waste water. Contaminants such as metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, and crude oil and its derivatives, have been mitigated in phytoremediation projects worldwide. Plants, used as remediation techniques, take up the heavy metals to produce an internal concentration greater than. For example, four phytoremediation projects have been accepted for the superfund innovative technology evaluation site program. The ultimate goal is to use plants to reduce the risk of human exposure.
It is not a design manual, and is not intended to provide enough information. Phytoremediation is the name given to a set of technologies that use different plants as a containment, destruction, or an extraction technique. Phytoremediation plants used to clean contaminated soil. Most of the phytoremediation companies in appendix a have already used, or are using, phytoremediation in the field. List of 10 plants used in phytoremediation health guide net. Factors affecting heavy metal phytoavailability bioavailability and phytoavailability are terms used to describe the degree to which contaminants are available for absorption or. Phytoremediation is the use of plants to clean up or remediate contaminated soil, sludges, sediments, and ground water through contaminant removal, degradation, andor containment 32. At metals contaminated sites, plants are used either to stabilise or remove the metals from the soil and ground water through mechanisms such as phytoextraction. Phytometabolism plants break down toxic material into nontoxic forms. Members of the family are annual or perennial herbs native to temperate and tropical areas and include cucumbers, gourds, melons, squashes, and. It is a technology that uses plants to treat environmental pollution problems.
Study on application of phytoremediation technology in. Pdf the use of trees in phytoremediation sergio mugnai. Phytoremediation types of phytoremediation notes pdf. A few examples of plants that are employed for rhizofiltration are sunflower, tobacco, spinach, rye and indian mustard. Compared to other methods used to remove toxic substances from soils, phytoremediation is often less expensive, although it may take a long time. If the contamination runs too deep, or the concentration of toxic compounds is too high, then plants alone.
Alfalfa hybrid poplar trees bluegreen algae duck weeds arrowroot sudan grass rye grass bermuda grass alpine bluegrass yellow or white water lilies sunflower vetiver grass poplar tree brake fern carrot periwinkle switch grass white reddish. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not. Trees can be successfully used in phytoremediation because of their ability to grow on nutrientpoor soil, deep root system, fast rate of growth, metalresistance traits and economically viable secondary use. Phytoremediation uses wild or genetically modified plants gmps to extract a wide range of heavy metals and organic pollutants from the soil. Phytoremediation has been studied extensively in research and smallscale demonstrations, but full scale applications are currently limited in number. Cucurbitaceae, the gourd family of flowering plants, belonging to the order cucurbitales and containing 98 genera and about 975 species of food and ornamental plants. Growing and, in some cases, harvesting plants on a contaminated site as a remediation method is an aesthetically. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Phytoremediation plants refer to the use of living plants to reduce, degrade or remove toxic residue from the soil. It is an emerging technology that can be applied to both organic and inorganic pollutants present in the soil, water or air salt et al. Phytoremediation is a time specific technology, as this requires sufficient time for plant growth, then binding process for facilitating the. Using green plants to decontaminate soil is a progressive and sustainable process, greatly reducing the need for heavy machinery or additional contaminants.
Phytoremediation is an important innovative, sustainable and low cost remediation alternative compared to traditional remediation techniques. Plants sprayed with 2,4d may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates. Plants used in engineered wetlandsinclude sedges, rushes, reeds, and cattails because they are flood tolerant and are able to uptake pollutants. Phytodegradation, or phytotransformation, is the use of plants to uptake, store and degrade organic pollutants. Phytoremediation, the use of green plants to treat and control wastes in water, soil, and air, is an important part of the new field of ecological engineering. Phytoremediation basically refers to the use of plants and associated soil microbes to reduce the concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the environment. Use of plant roots for phytoremediation and molecular farming. It is a phytoremediation plant that is used to sequester lead in its biomass.
In situ and ex situ applications are governed by site soil and water characteristics, nutrient sustainability, meteorology, hydrology, feasible ecosystems, and contaminant characteristics. Phytoremediation of heavy metals by calcifying macroalgae anthropogenic activities release heavy metals into water bodies which can lead to imbalancement of the ecosystem. The term phytoremediation comes from the ancient greek word phyto meaning plant and the latin word remedium meaning restoring balance. Among the selected species, chara aculeolata showed a better performance by 95 % metal reduction as compared to nitella opaca. Through the selection of plants, cropping schemes, and soil amendments, phytostabilization may be adapted to different metal contaminants and soil types. Phytoremediation is a general term for several ways in which plants are used to remediate sites by. Soil and plant samples were analyzed for cr, cu, ni, pb, and zn. This technology has been receiving attention lately as an innovative, costeffective alternative to the more established treatment methods used at hazardous waste sites. The troublesome weed hence an excellent source of bioenergy. Pdf phytoremediation is a group of technologies that use plants to reduce, remove. Phytoextraction uses hyperaccumulating plants, like common sunflowers, to take up and store pollutants in stems, roots, and leaves the most frequent method. Pdf phytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants researchgate. Also explore the seminar topics paper on phytoremediation with abstract or synopsis, documentation on advantages and disadvantages, base paper presentation slides for ieee final year chemical engineering chem or ieee chemical btech, be, mtech students for the year 2015 2016. Phytoremediation the use of plants for the restoration of a polluted.
Explore phytoremediation with free download of seminar report and ppt in pdf and doc format. To minimise such risk, phytoremediation comes into play. Use of trees in phytoremediation since the early 1990s organic pollutant clean up. Phytoremediation, also referred as botanical bioremediation chaney et al. Pdf phytoremediation potential of wild plants collected from heavy. The word phytoremediation comes from the greek word phyto plant, and the latin word remedium restoring balance. Phytoremediation can be used to clean up metals, pesticides, solvents, explosives, crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and landfill leachates. Application of floating aquatic plants in phytoremediation of. There are three types of phytoremediation processes, including. Phytoremediation is an emerging bioremediation technology that uses the plant to remove contaminants from soil and water. Plants are used either to remove or to stabilize hold in place pollution in the soil. Phytoremediation potential of fastgrowing energy plants.
The plants used in phytoremediation are generally selected on the basis of their growth rate and. Genetically engineered plants, including arabidopsis, tobacco, canola, and rice, have been modified. The term phytoremediation indicates the use of plants and associated soil microbes to remove toxic substances from the contaminated environment or to reduce toxic effects of contaminants on the. Phytoremediation is the use of certain plants to immobilize, extract. Despite all these problems created by water hyacinth some positive reports have been recorded. The uptake, accumulation and degradation of contaminants vary from plant to plant.
Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils and water. The chapters in this volume provide additional examples that illustrate how phytoremediation applications can serve as one of several useful components in the overall management and control of contaminants while using relatively low cost solar driven physiological and biochemical mechanisms common in most plants. Phytodecontamination a subset of phytoremediation the concentrations of the contaminants in the soils of concern is reduced to an acceptable level through the action of plants, their associated microflora and agronomic practices. Phytoremediation mechanisms of heavy metal contaminated. For example it has been reported to be useful in biogas generation because of.
Additional benefits are also expected in terms of the quality of the living environment, natural capital, biodiversity and ecosystem services. Phytoremediation principles have been applied for centuries in europe and the middle east where. How does phytoremediation work environmental sciences essay. A plant has a potential for accumulating, immobilizing, and transforming a. Types of vegetation used some of the plants used in phytoremediation are. As international journal of molecular sciences has. It utilizes a variety of plant biological processes and the physical characteristics of plants to aid in site remediation. Plant species besides hyperaccumulators can also be used, as the heavy metals need not be translocated to the shoots henry, 2000. This costeffective plant based approach to remediation takes advantage of the remarkable ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues. Phytoremediation is an emerging technology that uses various plants to degrade, extract, contain, or immobilize contaminants from soil and water.
This technology has been receiving attention lately as an innovative, costeffective alternative to the more. The objectives of this paper are to discuss the potential of phytoremediation technique on treating heavy metalcontaminated side, to provide a brief view about heavy metals uptake mechanisms by plant, to give some description about the performance of several types of plants to uptake heavy metals and to describe about the fate of heavy metals. In flanders, phytoremediation is used in a limited extend. An example of a simple phytoremediation system is a constructed wetland with cattails to increase ph and remove iron from acid mine drainage or remove nitrates from livestock waste lagoons and municipal sewage water. Phytoremediation plants, advantages, process, scope, limits. Phytoremediation is the direct use of living plants for in situ remediation of contaminated soil, sludges, sediments, and ground water through contaminant removal, degradation, or containment. Phytoremediation techniques in wastewater treatment.
Phytoextraction removes metals or organics from soils by accumulating them in the biomass of plants. Phytoremediation is the use of living green plants for in situ risk reduction andor removal of contaminants from contaminated soil, water, sediments, and air. A list of plants used in phytoremediation is given in table 9. Phytoremediation is defined as the use of green plants to remove pollutants from the environment or to render them harmless 42, 125. Phytoremediation systems have been used for a number of years. Phytoremediation processes rely on the ability of plants to take up andor metabolize pollutants to less toxic substances.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Pdf a field survey of wild plants growing nearby the metal industrial. List of plants in the family cucurbitaceae britannica. Initial experiments with transgenic plants have shown that they are indeed efficient in drawing metals from heavily contaminated soils. The technology is a form of bioremediation the use of organisms to clean up contaminated soil and applies to all chemical or physical processes that involve plants for degrading or immobilizing contaminants in soil and groundwater.
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